Bangladesh 1972 (reinst. 1986, rev. 2014) Subsequently amended

We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through a historic struggle for national liberation, established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh;

Pledging that the high ideals of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, which inspired our heroic people to dedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice their lives in, the national liberation struggle, shall be the fundamental principles of the Constitution;

Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process to socialist society, free from exploitation-a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens;

Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that we may prosper in freedom and may make our full contribution towards international peace and cooperation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind;

In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution.

PART I. THE REPUBLIC

Type of government envisioned

1. The Republic

Bangladesh is a unitary, independent, sovereign Republic to be known as the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

2. The territory of the Republic

The territory of the Republic shall comprise-

The territories which immediately before the proclamation of independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 constituted East Pakistan and the territories referred to as included territories in the Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1974, but excluding the territories referred to as excluded territories in that Act; and
such other territories as may become included in Bangladesh.

Official religion

2A. The state religion

The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but the State shall ensure equal status and equal right in the practice of the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and other religions.

Official or national languages

3. The state language

The state language of the Republic is Bangla.

National anthem , National flag

4. National anthem, flag and emblem

The national anthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar Sonar Bangla."
The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle, coloured red throughout its area, resting on a green background.
The national emblem of the Republic is the national flower Shapla (nymphaea-nouchali) resting on water, having on each side an ear of paddy and being surmounted by three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves.
Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating to the national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.

Political theorists/figures

4A. Portrait of the Father of the Nation

The Portrait of the Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of the President, the Prime Minister, the Speaker and the Chief Justice and in head and branch offices of all government and semi-government offices, autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, government and non-government educational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad.

National capital

5. The capital

The capital of the Republic is Dhaka.
The boundaries of the capital shall be determined by law.

Requirements for birthright citizenship

6. Citizenship

The citizenship of Bangladesh shall be determined and regulated by law.
The people of Bangladesh shall be known as Bangalees as a nation and the citizens of Bangladesh shall be known as Bangladeshies.

7. Supremacy of the Constitution

All powers in the Republic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by the authority of, this Constitution. Constitutionality of legislation

7A. Offence of abrogation, suspension, etc. of the Constitution

If any person, by show of force or use of force or by any other un-constitutional means-
1. abrogates, repeals or suspends or attempts or conspires to abrogate, repeal or suspend this Constitution or any of its article; or
2. subverts or attempts or conspires to subvert the confidence, belief or reliance of the citizens to this Constitution or any of this article,
his such act shall be sedition and such person shall be guilty of sedition.
1. abets or instigates any act mentioned in clause (1); or
2. approves, condones, supports or ratifies such act,
his such act shall also be the same offence.
Unamendable provisions
7B. Basic provisions of the Constitution are not amendable

Notwithstanding anything contained in article 142 of the Constitution, the preamble, all articles of Part I, all articles of Part II, subject to the provisions of Part IXA all articles of Part III, and the provisions of articles relating to the basic structures of the Constitution including article 150 of Part XI shall not be amendable by way of insertion, modification, substitution, repeal or by any other means.

PART II. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Separation of church and state
8. Fundamental principles
1. The principles of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, together with the principles derived from those as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy.
2. The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable.
Reference to fraternity/solidarity , Reference to country's history
9. Nationalism

The unity and solidarity of the Bangalee nation, which, deriving its identity from its language and culture, attained sovereign and independent Bangladesh through a united and determined struggle in the war of independence, shall be the basis of Bangalee nationalism.
Mentions of social class
10. Socialism and freedom from exploitation

A socialist economic system shall be established with a view to ensuring the attainment of a just and egalitarian society, free from the exploitation of man by man.
Human dignity
11. Democracy and human rights

The Republic shall be a democracy in which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed and in which effective participation by the people through their elected representatives in administration at all levels shall be ensured.
Separation of church and state
12. Secularism and freedom of religion

The principle of secularism shall be realised by the elimination of-
1. communalism in all its forms;
2. the granting by the State of political status in favour of any religion;
3. the abuse of religion for political purposes;
4. any discrimination against, or persecution of, persons practicing a particular religion.
13. Principles of ownership

The people shall own or control the instruments and means of production and distribution, and with this end in view ownership shall assume the following forms-
1. state ownership, that is ownership by the State on behalf of the people through the creation of an efficient and dynamic nationalised public sector embracing the key sectors of the economy;
2. co-operative ownership, that is ownership by co-operatives on behalf of their members within such limits as may be prescribed by law; and
3. private ownership, that is ownership by individuals within such limits as may be prescribed by law.
Provisions for wealth redistribution
14. Emancipation of peasants and workers

It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to emancipate the toiling masses, the peasants and workers and backward sections of the people from all forms of exploitation.
Right to reasonable standard of living
15. Provision of basic necessities

It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to attain, through planned economic growth, a constant increase of productive forces and a steady improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of the people, with a view to securing to its citizens-
Right to shelter , Right to health care Right to work Right to rest and leisure
State support for the elderly , State support for children , State support for the disabled , State support for the unemployed
Provisions for wealth redistribution
16. Rural development and agricultural revolution

The State shall adopt effective measures to bring about a radical transformation in the rural areas through the promotion of an agricultural revolution, the provision of rural electrification, the development of cottage and other industries, and the improvement of education, communications and public health, in those areas, so as progressively to remove the disparity in the standards of living between the urban and the rules areas.

17. Free and compulsory education

The State shall adopt effective measures for the purpose of-
Free education , Compulsory education
18. Public health and morality
Right to health care Protection of environment
18A. Protection and improvement of environment and biodiversity

The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to preserve and safeguard the natural resources, bio-diversity, wetlands, forests and wild life for the present and future citizens.

19. Equality of opportunity
Mentions of social class Provision for matrimonial equality Right to work , Duty to work
20. Work as a right and duty
Right to just remuneration Right to development of personality
21. Duties of citizens and of public servants
Duty to obey the constitution
22. Separation of Judiciary from the Executive

The State shall ensure the separation of the judiciary from the executive organs of the State.
Reference to art , Right to culture
23. National Culture

The State shall adopt measures to conserve the cultural traditions and heritage of the people, and so to foster and improve the national language, literature and the arts that all sections of the people are afforded the opportunity to contribute towards and to participate in the enrichment of the national culture.

23A. The culture of tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities

The State shall take steps to protect and develop the unique local culture and tradition of the tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities.
Reference to art
24. National monuments, etc.

The State shall adopt measures for the protection against disfigurement, damage or removal of all monuments, objects or places of special artistic or historic importance or interest.
Reference to fraternity/solidarity , International human rights treaties , International law
25. Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity

The State shall base its international relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis of those principles shall-
Right to self determination
PART III. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Constitutionality of legislation
26. Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights to be void
1. All existing law inconsistent with the provisions of this Part shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, become void on the commencement of this Constitution.
2. The State shall not make any law inconsistent with any provisions of this Part, and any law so made shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
3. Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 142.
General guarantee of equality
27. Equality before law

All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law.

General guarantee of equality , Equality regardless of religion , Equality regardless of origin , Equality regardless of race , Equality regardless of gender

28. Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc.
Equality regardless of gender Access to higher education
29. Equality of opportunity in public employment
Equality regardless of origin , Equality regardless of race , Equality regardless of religion , Equality regardless of gender
1. making special provision in favour of any backward section of citizens for the purpose of securing their adequate representation in the service of the Republic;
2. giving effect to any law which makes provision for reserving appointments relating to any religious or denominational institution to persons of that religion or denomination;
3. reserving for members of one sex any class of employment or office on the ground that it is considered by its nature to be unsuited to members of the opposite sex.
30. Prohibition of foreign titles, etc.

No citizen shall, without the prior approval of the President, accept any title, honour, award or decoration from any foreign state.
Right to protect one's reputation , Inalienable rights
31. Right to protection of law

To enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, and only in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other person for the time being within Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law.
Right to life
32. Protection of right to life and personal liberty

No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.
Protection from unjustified restraint
33. Safeguards as to arrest and detention
Right to counsel
1. who for the time being is an enemy alien; or
2. who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention.
Provided that the authority making any such order may refuse to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose.
Prohibition of slavery
34. Prohibition of forced labour
1. All forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
2. Nothing in this article shall apply to compulsory labour-
  1. by persons undergoing lawful punishment for a criminal offence; or
  2. required by any law for public purpose.
  35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment
  Protection from ex post facto laws , Principle of no punishment without law Prohibition of double jeopardy Right to public trial , Right to fair trial , Right to speedy trial Protection from self-incrimination Prohibition of cruel treatment , Prohibition of torture Freedom of movement
  36. Freedom of movement
  
  Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest, every citizen shall have the right to move freely throughout Bangladesh, to reside and settle in any place therein and to leave and re-enter Bangladesh.
  Freedom of assembly
  37. Freedom of assembly
  
  Every citizen shall have the right to assemble and to participate in public meetings and processions peacefully and without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of public order health.
  Right to join trade unions , Freedom of association
  38. Freedom of association
  
  Every citizen shall have the right to form associations or unions, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of morality or public order:
  
  Provided that no person shall have the right to form, or be a member of the said association or union, if-
  1. it is formed for the purposes of destroying the religious, social and communal harmony among the citizens;
  2. it is formed for the purposes of creating discrimination among the citizens, on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or language;
  39. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech
  Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience Freedom of press , Freedom of expression
  1. the right of every citizen of freedom of speech and expression; and
  2. freedom of the press
  Right to choose occupation , Right to establish a business
  40. Freedom of profession or occupation
  
  Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizen possessing such qualifications, if any, as may be prescribed by law in relation to his profession, occupation, trade or business shall have the right to enter upon any lawful profession or occupation, and to conduct any lawful trade or business.
  Freedom of religion
  41. Freedom of religion
  1. Subject to law, public order and morality-
    1. every citizen has the right to profess, practice or propagate any religion;
    2. every religious community or denomination has the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions.
    Protection from expropriation
    42. Rights to property
    Right to transfer property , Right to own property Right to privacy , Regulation of evidence collection
    43. Protection of home and correspondence
    
    Every citizen shall have the right, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, public order, public morality or public health-
    1. to be secured in his home against entry, search and seizure; and
    2. to the privacy of his correspondence and other means of communication.
    44. Enforcement of fundamental rights
    1. The right to move the High Court Division in accordance with clause (1) of article 102, for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
    2. Without prejudice to the powers of the High Court Division under article 102, Parliament may by law empower any other court, within the local limits of its jurisdiction, to exercise all or any of those powers.
    45. Modification of rights in respect of disciplinary law
    
    Nothing in this Part shall apply to any provision of a disciplinary law relating to members of a disciplined force, being a provision limited to the purpose of ensuring the proper discharge of their duties or the maintenance of discipline in that force.
    
    46. Power to provide indemnity
    
    Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law make provision for indemnifying any person in the service of the Republic or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the national liberation struggle or the maintenance or restoration of other in any area in Bangladesh or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered, or other act done in any such area.
    
    47. Saving for certain laws
    1. No law providing for any of the following matters shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridge, any of the rights guaranteed by this Part-
      1. the compulsory acquisition, nationalisation or requisition of any property, or the control or management thereof whether temporarily or permanently;
      2. the compulsory amalgamation of bodies carrying on commercial or other undertakings;
      3. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulation of rights of directors, managers, agents and officers of any such bodies, or of the voting rights of persons owning shares or stock (in whatever form) therein;
      4. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulation of the right to search for or win minerals or mineral oil;
      5. the carrying on by the Government or by a corporation owned, controlled or managed by the Government, of any trade, business, industry or service to the exclusion, complete or partial, or other persons; or
      6. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulation of any right to property, any right in respect of a profession, occupation, trade or business or the rights of employers or employees in any statutory public authority or in any commercial or industrial undertaking;
      if Parliament in such law (including, in the case of existing law, by amendment) expressly declares that such provision is made to give effect to any of the fundamental principles of state policy set out in Part II of this Constitution.
      
      Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent amendment, modification or repeal of any such law.
      International law , Legal status of treaties
      47A. Inapplicability of certain articles
      1. The rights guaranteed under article 31, clauses (1) and (3) of article 35 and article 44 shall not apply to any person to whom a law specified in clause (3) of article 47 applies.
      2. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no person to whom a law specified in clause (3) of article 47 applies shall have the right to move the Supreme Court for any of the remedies under this Constitution.
      PART IV. THE EXECUTIVE
      
      Chapter I. The President
      Name/structure of executive(s)
      48. The President
      Head of state selection
      Provided that the question whether any, and if so what, advice has been tendered by the Prime Minister to the President shall not be enquired into in any court.
      Eligibility for head of state Minimum age of head of state Foreign affairs representative Power to pardon
      49. Prerogative of mercy
      
      The President shall have power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites and to remit, suspend or commute any sentence passed by any court, tribunal or other authority.
      
      50. Term of office of President
      Head of state term length
      Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office:
      
      Provided that notwithstanding the expiration of his term the President shall continue to hold office until his successor enters upon office.
      Head of state term limits Outside professions of legislators Head of state immunity
      51. President's immunity
      1. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 52, the President shall not be answerable in any court for anything done or omitted by him in the exercise or purported exercise of the functions of this office, but this clause shall not prejudice the right of any person to take proceedings against the Government.
      2. During his term of office no criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President in, and no process for his arrest or imprisonment shall issue from, any court.
      Head of state removal
      52. Impeachment of the President
      1. The President may be impeached on a charge of violating this Constitution or of grave misconduct, preferred by a notice of motion signed by a majority of the total number of members of the Parliament and delivered to the speaker, setting out the particulars of the charge, and the motion shall not be debated earlier than fourteen nor later than thirty days after the notice is so delivered; and the Speaker shall forthwith summon Parliament if it is not in session.
      2. The Conduct of the President may be referred by Parliament to any court, tribunal or body appointed or designated by Parliament for the investigation of a charge under this article.
      3. The President shall have the right to appear and to be represented during the consideration of the charge.
      4. If after the consideration of the charge a resolution is passed by Parliament by votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members declaring that the charge has been substantiated, the President shall vacate his office on the date on which the resolution is passed.
      5. Where the Speaker is exercising the functions of the President under article 54 the provisions of this article shall apply subject to the modifications that the reference to the Speaker in clause (1) shall be construed as a deference to the Deputy Speaker, and that the reference in clause (4) to the vacation by the President of his office shall be construed as a reference to the vacation by the Speaker of his office as Speaker; and on the passing of a resolution such as is referred to in clause (4) the Speaker shall cease to exercise the functions of President.
      Head of state removal
      53. Removal of President on ground of incapacity
      1. The President may be removed from office on the ground of physical or mental incapacity on a motion of which notice, signed by a majority of the total number of members of Parliament, is delivered to the Speaker, setting out particulars of the alleged incapacity.
      2. On receipt of the notice the Speaker shall forthwith summon Parliament if it is not in session and shall call for a resolution constituting a medical board (hereinafter in this article called "the Board") and upon the necessary motion being made and carried shall forthwith cause a copy of the notice to be transmitted to the President together with a request signed by the Speaker that the President submit himself within a period of ten days from the date of the request to an examination by the Board.
      3. The motion for removal shall not be put to the vote earlier than fourteen nor later than thirty days after notice of the motion is delivered to the Speaker, and if it is again necessary to summon Parliament in order to enable the motion to be made within that period, the Speaker shall summon Parliament.
      4. The President shall have the right to appear and to be represented during the consideration of the motion.
      5. If the President has not submitted himself to an examination by the Board before the motion is made in Parliament, the motion may be put to the vote, and if it is passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament, the President shall vacate his office on the date on which the motion is passed.
      6. If before the motion for removal is made in Parliament, the President has submitted himself to an examination by the Board, the motion shall not be put to the vote until the Board has been given an opportunity of reporting its opinion to Parliament.
      7. If after consideration by Parliament of the motion and of the report of the Board (which shall be submitted within seven days of the examination held pursuant to clause (2) and if not so submitted shall be dispensed with) the motion is passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament, the President shall vacate his office on the date on which the resolution is passed.
      Head of state replacement
      54. Speaker to act as President during absence, etc.
      
      If a vacancy occurs in the office of President or if the President is unable to discharge the functions of his office on account of absence, illness or any other cause of Speaker shall discharge those functions until a President is elected or until the President resumes the functions of his office, as the case may be.
      
      Chapter II. The Prime Minister And The Cabinet
      Establishment of cabinet/ministers
      55. The Cabinet
      Name/structure of executive(s) Cabinet removal
      56. Ministers
      Outside professions of legislators , Head of government selection , Cabinet selection , Eligibility for cabinet
      
      The appointments of the Prime Minister and other Ministers and of the Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers, shall be made by the President:
      
      Provided that not less than nine-tenths of their number shall be appointed from among members of Parliament and not more than one-tenth of their number may be chosen from among persons qualified for election as members of Parliament.
      Minimum age of head of government , Head of government's role in the legislature Head of government removal
      57. Tenure of office of Prime Minister
      1. The office of the Prime Minister shall be vacant-
        
        if he resigns from office at any time by placing his resignation in the hands of the President; or
        
        if he ceases to be a member of Parliament.
        
        Cabinet removal
        58. Tenure of office of other Ministers
        
        The office of a Minister other than the Prime Minister shall become vacant-
        if he resigns from office by placing his resignation in the hands of the Prime Minister for submission to the President;
        Head of government replacement
        Chapter IIA. Non-Party Care Taker Government
        Municipal government
        Chapter III. Local Government
        
        59. Local Government
        
        Local Government in every administrative unit of the Republic shall be entrusted to bodies, composed of persons elected in accordance with law.
        
        Everybody such as is referred to in clause (1) shall, subject to this Constitution and any other law, perform within the appropriate administrative unit such functions as shall be prescribed by Act of Parliament, which may include functions relating to-
        
        administration and the work of public officers;
        
        the maintenance of public order;
        Municipal government
        60. Powers of local government bodies
        
        For the purpose of giving full effect to the provisions of article 59, Parliament shall, by law, confer powers on the local government bodies referred to in that article, including power to impose taxes for local purposes, to prepare their budgets and to maintain funds.
        Designation of commander in chief
        Chapter IV. The Defence Services
        Selection of active-duty commanders
        61. Supreme Command
        
        The supreme command of the defence services of Bangladesh shall vest in the President and the exercise thereof shall be regulated by law.
        
        62. Recruitment, etc., of defence services
        
        Parliament shall by law provide for regulating-
        
        the raising and maintaining of the defence services of Bangladesh and of their reserves;
        
        the grant of commissions therein;
        
        the appointment of Chief of Staff of the defence services, and their salaries and allowances; and
        
        the discipline and other matters relating to those services and reserves.
        
        Power to declare/approve war
        63. War
        
        War shall not be declared and the Republic shall not participate in any war except with the assent of Parliament.
        
        Attorney general
        Chapter V. The Attorney-General
        
        64. The Attorney-General
        
        The President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for Bangladesh.
        
        The Attorney-General shall perform such duties as may be assigned to him by the President.
        
        In the performance of his duties, the Attorney-General shall have the right of audience in all courts of Bangladesh.
        
        The Attorney-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, and shall receive such remuneration as the President may determine.
        
        PART V. THE LEGISLATURE
        Structure of legislative chamber(s)
        Chapter I. Parliament
        
        65. Establishment of Parliament
        
        There shall be a Parliament for Bangladesh (to be known as the House of the Nation) in which subject to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be vested the legislative powers of the Republic:
        
        First chamber selection , Size of first chamber
        Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from delegating to any person or authority, by Act of Parliament, power to make orders, rules, regulations, bye-laws or other instruments having legislative effect.
        First chamber representation quotas , First chamber selection
        Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to prevent a woman from being elected to any of the seats provided for in clause (2) of this article.
        Removal of individual legislators
        Eligibility for first chamber , Minimum age for first chamber , Eligibility for head of government , Minimum age of head of government , Eligibility for head of state
        
        66. Qualifications and disqualifications for election to Parliament
        Eligibility for head of government , Eligibility for first chamber , Eligibility for head of state
        
        is declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind;
        
        is an undercharged insolvent;
        
        acquires the citizenship of, or affirms of acknowledges allegiance to, a foreign state;
        
        has been, on conviction for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two years unless a period of five years has elapsed since his release;
        
        Outside professions of legislators
        
        in the case of dual citizenship, gives up the foreign citizenship ; or
        
        in other cases, again accepts the citizenship of Bangladesh-
        
        for the purposes of this article, he shall not be deemed to acquire the citizenship of a foreign State.
        Outside professions of legislators Removal of individual legislators
        67. Vacation of seats of members
        
        A member of Parliament shall vacate his seat-
        
        if he fails, within the period of ninety days from the date of the first meeting of Parliament after his election, to make and subscribe the oath or affirmation prescribed for a member of Parliament in the Third Schedule:
        
        Provided that the Speaker may, before the expiration of that period, for good cause extend it;- Attendance by legislators Compensation of legislators
        68. Remuneration, etc., of members of Parliament
        
        Members of Parliament shall be entitled to such remuneration, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Act of Parliament or, until so determined, by order made by the President.
        
        69. Penalty for member sitting or voting before taking oath
        
        If a person sits or votes as a member of Parliament before he makes or subscribes the oath or affirmation in accordance with this Constitution, or when he knows that he is not qualified or is disqualified for membership thereof, he shall be liable in respect of each day on which he so sits or votes to a penalty of one thousand taka to be recovered as a debt due to the Republic.
        
        70. Vacation of seat on resignation, etc.
        
        A person elected as a member of Parliament at an election at which he was nominated as a candidate by a political party shall vacate his seat if he-
        
        resigns from that party; or
        
        votes in Parliament against the party;
        
        but shall not thereby be disqualified for subsequent election as a member of Parliament.
        
        71. Bar against double membership
        
        No person shall at the same time be a member of Parliament in respect of two or more constituencies.
        
        Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent a person from being at the same time a candidate for two or more constituencies, but in the event of his being elected for more than one-
        
        within thirty days after his last election the person elected shall deliver to the Chief Election Commissioner a signed declaration specifying the constituency which he wishes to represent, and the seats of the other constituencies for which he was elected shall thereupon fall vacant;
        
        if the person elected fails to comply with Sub-clause (a) all the seats for which he was elected shall fall vacant;
        
        the person elected shall not make or subscribe the oath or affirmation of a member of Parliament until the foregoing provisions of this clause, so far as applicable, have been complied with.
        
        72. Sessions of Parliament
        Dismissal of the legislature
        Parliament shall be summoned, prorogued and dissolved by the President by public notification and when summoning Parliament the President shall specify the time and place of the first meeting:
        
        Provided that except the period of ninety days as mentioned in clause (a) of clause (3) of article 123 for remaining term a period exceeding sixty days shall not intervene between the end of one session and the first sitting of Parliament in the next session;
        
        Provided further that in the exercise of his functions under this clause, the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister tendered to him in writing.
        Emergency provisions , Extraordinary legislative sessions , Term length for first chamber
        Unless sooner dissolved by the President, Parliament shall stand dissolved on the expiration of the period of five years from the date of its first meeting:
        
        Provided that at any time when the Republic is engaged in war the period may be extended by Act of Parliament by not more than one year at a time but shall not be so extended beyond six months after the termination of the war.
        Emergency provisions , Extraordinary legislative sessions
        73. President's address and messages to Parliament
        
        The President may address Parliament, and may send messages thereto.
        Legislative oversight of the executive
        73A. Rights of Ministers as respects Parliament
        
        Every Minister shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, Parliament, but shall not be entitled to vote or to speak on any matter not related to his Ministry unless he is a member of Parliament also.
        
        In this article, "Minister" includes a Prime Minister, Minister of State and Deputy Minister.
        
        74. Speaker and Deputy Speaker
        Leader of first chamber
        
        if he ceases to be a member of Parliament;
        
        if he becomes a Minister;
        
        if Parliament passes a resolution (after not less than fourteen days, notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution) supported by the votes of a majority of all the members thereof, requiring his removal from office;
        
        if he resigns his office by writing under his hand delivered to the President;
        
        if after a general election another member enters upon that office; or
        
        in the case of the Deputy Speaker, if he enters upon the office of Speaker.
        
        75. Rules of procedure, quorum, etc.
        
        Subject to this Constitution-
        
        the procedure of Parliament shall be regulated by rules of procedure made by it, and until such rules are made shall be regulated by rules of procedure made by the President;
        
        a decision in Parliament shall be taken by a majority of the votes of the members present and voting, but the person presiding shall not vote except when there is an equality of votes, in which case he shall exercise a casting vote;
        
        no proceeding in Parliament shall be invalid by reason only that there is a vacancy in the membership thereof or that a person who was not entitled to do so was present at, or voted or otherwise participated in, the proceeding.
        
        Quorum for legislative sessions Legislative committees
        76. Standing committees of Parliament
        
        Parliament shall appoint from among its members the following standing committees, that is to say-
        
        a public accounts committee;
        
        committee of privileges; and
        
        such other standing committees as the rules of procedure of Parliament require.
        
        Legislative oversight of the executive
        
        enforcing the attendance of witnesses and examining them on oath, affirmation or otherwise;
        
        compelling the production of documents.
        
        77. Ombudsman
        
        Parliament may, by law, provide for the establishment of the office of Ombudsman.
        
        The Ombudsman shall exercise such powers and perform such functions as Parliament may, by law, determine, including the power to investigate any action taken by a Ministry, a public officer or a statutory public authority.
        
        The Ombudsman shall prepare an annual report concerning the discharge of his functions, and such report shall be laid before Parliament.
        
        Immunity of legislators
        78. Privileges and immunities of Parliament and members
        
        The validity of the proceedings in Parliament shall not be questioned in any court.
        
        A member or officer of Parliament in whom powers are vested for the regulation of procedure, the conduct of business or the maintenance of order in Parliament, shall not in relation to the exercise by him of any such powers be subject to the jurisdiction of any court.
        
        A member of Parliament shall not be liable to proceedings in any court in respect of anything said, or any vote given, by him in Parliament or in any committed thereof.
        
        A person shall not be liable to proceedings in any court in respect of the publication by or under the authority of Parliament of any report, paper, vote or proceeding.
        Legislative committees
        79. Secretariat of Parliament
        
        Parliament shall have its own Secretariat.
        
        Parliament may, by law, regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the Secretariat of Parliament.
        
        Until provision is made by Parliament the President may, after consultation with the Speaker, make rules regulating the recruitment and condition of service of persons appointed to the Secretariat of Parliament, and rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any law.
        
        Chapter II. Legislative And Financial Procedures
        
        80. Legislative procedure
        
        Every proposal in Parliament for making law shall be made in the form of a Bill.
        Approval or veto of general legislation Tax bills , Spending bills , Approval or veto of general legislation , Finance bills Veto override procedure Tax bills , Spending bills , Finance bills
        81. Money Bills
        
        In this Part "Money Bill" means a Bill containing only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters-
        
        the imposition, regulation, alteration, remission or repeal of any tax;
        
        the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government, or the amendment of any law relating to the financial obligations of the Government;
        
        the custody of the Consolidated Fund, the payment of money into, or the issue or appropriation of moneys from, the Fund;
        
        the imposition of a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, or the alteration or abolition of any such charge;
        
        the receipt of moneys on account of the Consolidated Fund or the Public Account of the Republic, or the custody or issue of such moneys, or the audit of the accounts of the Government;
        
        any subordinate matter incidental to any of the matters specified in the foregoing sub clauses.
        
        Finance bills , Spending bills , Tax bills
        82. Recommendation for financial measures
        
        No Money Bill, or any Bill which involves expenditure from public moneys, shall be introduced into Parliament except on the recommendation of the President:
        
        Provided that in any Money Bill no recommendation shall be required under this article for the moving of an amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax.
        
        83. No taxation except by or under Act of Parliament
        
        No tax shall be levied or collected except by or under the authority of an Act of Parliament.
        
        84. Consolidated Fund and the Public Account of the Republic
        
        All revenues received by the Government, all loans raised by the Government, and all moneys received by it in repayment of any loan, shall form part of one fund to be known as the Consolidated Fund.
        
        All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government shall be credited to the Public Account of the Republic.
        
        85. Regulation of public moneys
        
        The custody of public moneys, their payment into and the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund or, as the case may be, the Public Account of the Republic, and matters connected with or ancillary to the matters aforesaid, shall be regulated by Act of Parliament, and until provision in that behalf is so made, by rules made by the President.
        
        86. Moneys payable to Public Account of Republic
        
        All moneys received by or deposited with-
        
        any person employed in the service of the Republic or in connection with the affairs of the Republic, other than revenues or moneys which by virtue of clause (1) of article 84 shall form part of the Consolidated Fund; or
        
        any court to the credit of any cause, matter, account or persons,
        
        shall be paid into the Public Account of the Republic.
        Budget bills
        87. Annual financial statement
        
        There shall be laid before Parliament, in respect of each financial year, a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government for that year, in this Part referred to as the annual financial statement.
        
        The annual financial statement shall show separately-
        
        the sums required to meet expenditure charged by or under this Constitution upon the Consolidated Fund; and
        
        the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made from the Consolidated Fund;
        
        and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from other expenditure.
        
        88. Charges on Consolidated Fund
        
        The following expenditure shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund-
        
        the remuneration payable to the President and other expenditure relating to his office;
        
        the remuneration payable to-
        
        the Speaker and Deputy Speaker;
        
        the Judges of the Supreme Court;
        
        the Comptroller and Auditor-General;
        
        the Election Commissioners;
        
        the members of the Public Service Commissions;
        
        Budget bills
        89. Procedure relating to annual financial statement
        
        So much of the annual financial statement as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund may be discussed in, but shall not be submitted to the vote of, Parliament.
        
        So much of the annual financial statement as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted to Parliament in the form of demands for grants, and Parliament shall have power to assent to or to refuse to assent to any demand, or to assent to it subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
        
        No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the President.
        
        Spending bills
        90. Appropriation Act
        
        As soon as may be after the grants under article 89 have been made by Parliament there shall be introduced in Parliament a Bill to provide for appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of all moneys required to meet-
        
        the grants so made by Parliament; and
        
        the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund but not exceeding in any case the amount shown in the annual financial statement laid before Parliament.
        
        91. Supplementary and excess grants
        
        If in respect of any financial year it is found-
        
        that the amount authorised to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is insufficient or that a need has arisen for expenditure upon some new service not included in the annual financial statement for that year; or
        
        that any money has been spent on a service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted for that service for that year;
        
        the President shall have power to authorise expenditure from the Consolidated Fund whether or not it is charged by or under the Constitution upon that Fund and shall cause to be laid before Parliament a supplementary financial statement setting out the estimated amount of the expenditure or, as the case may be an excess financial statement setting out the amount of the excess, and the provisions of articles 87 to 90 shall (with the necessary adaptations) apply in relation to those statements as they apply in relation to the annual financial statement.
        
        92. Votes on account, votes of credit, etc.
        
        Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, Parliament shall have power-
        
        to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 89 for the voting of such grant and the passing of a law in accordance with the provisions of article 90 in relation to that expenditure;
        
        to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the Republic when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the demand cannot be specified with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
        
        to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any financial year;
        
        and Parliament shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of moneys from the Consolidated Fund for the purposes for which such grants are made.
        
        has failed to make the grants under article 89 and pass the law under article 90 before the beginning of that year and has not also made any grant in advance under this article; or
        
        has failed to make the grants under article 89 and pass the law under article 90 before the expiration of the period for which the grants in advance, if any, were made under this article,
        
        the President may, upon the advice of the prime Minister, by order, authorise the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund moneys necessary to meet expenditure mentioned in the financial statement for that year for a period not exceeding sixty days in year, pending the making of the grants and passing of the law.
        
        92A. Authorisation of expenditure in certain cases
        
        Chapter III. Ordinance Making Power
        Head of state decree power
        93. Ordinance making power
        
        At any time when Parliament stands dissolved or is not in session, if the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render immediate action necessary, he may make and promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require, and any Ordinance so made shall, as from its promulgation have the like force of law as an Act of Parliament:
        
        which could not lawfully be made under this Constitution by Act of Parliament;
        
        for altering or repealing any provision of this Constitution; or
        
        continuing in force any provision of an Ordinance previously made.
        
        PART VI. THE JUDICIARY
        
        Chapter I. The Supreme Court
        Structure of the courts
        94. Establishment of Supreme Court
        
        There shall be a Supreme Court for Bangladesh (to be Known as the Supreme Court of Bangladesh) comprising the Appellate Division and the High Court Division.
        Number of supreme court judges Judicial independence
        95. Appointment of Judges
        Supreme court selection Eligibility for supreme court judges
        
        has, for not less than ten years, been an advocate of the Supreme Court; or
        
        has, for not less than ten years, held judicial office in the territory of Bangladesh; or
        
        has such other qualifications as may be prescribed by law for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        
        Supreme/ordinary court judge removal
        96. Tenure of office of Judges
        Mandatory retirement age for judges , Supreme court term length
        97. Temporary appointment of Chief Justice
        
        If the office of the Chief Justice becomes vacant, or if the President is satisfied that the Chief Justice is, on account of absence, illness, or any other cause, unable to perform the functions of his office, those functions shall, until some other person has entered upon that office, or until the Chief Justice has resumed his duties, as the case may be, be performed by the next most senior Judge of the Appellate Division.
        Supreme court selection
        98. Additional Supreme Court Judges
        
        Notwithstanding the provisions of article 94, if the President is satisfied that the number of the Judge of a division of the Supreme Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint one or more duly qualified persons to be Additional Judges of that division for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify, or, if he thinks fit, may require a Judge of the High Court Division to sit in the Appellate Division for any temporary period:
        
        Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent a person appointed as an Additional Judge from being appointed as a Judge under article 95 or as an Additional Judge for a further period under this article.
        
        99. Disabilities of Judges after retirement
        
        A person who has held office as a Judge (otherwise than as an Additional Judge pursuant to the provisions of article 98), shall not, after his retirement or removal therefrom, plead or act before any court or authority or hold any office of profit in the service of the Republic not being a judicial or quasi-judicial office.
        
        Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a person who has held office as a Judge of the High Court Division may, after his retirement or removal therefrom, plead or act before the Appellate Division.
        
        100. Seat of Supreme Court
        
        The permanent seat of the Supreme Court, shall be in the capital, but sessions of the High Court Division may be held at such other place or places as the Chief Justice may, with the approval of the President, from time to time appoint.
        Right to appeal judicial decisions
        101. Jurisdiction of High Court Division
        
        The High Court Division shall have such original, appellate and other jurisdictions, powers and functions as are or may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.
        Supreme court powers
        102. Powers of High Court Division to issue certain orders and directions, etc.
        
        The High Court Division on the application of any person aggrieved, may give such directions or orders to any person or authority, including any person performing any function in connection with the affairs of the Republic, as may be appropriate for the enforcement of any the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of this Constitution.
        
        The High Court Division may, if satisfied that no other equally efficacious remedy is provided by law-
        
        Ultra-vires administrative actions
        
        directing a person performing any functions in connection with the affairs of the Republic or of a local authority to refrain from doing that which he is not permitted by law to do or to do that which he is required by law to do; or
        
        declaring that any act done or proceeding taken by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Republic or of a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or
        
        directing that a person in custody be brought before it so that it may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or
        
        requiring a person holding or purporting to hold a public office to show under what authority he claims to hold that office.
        
        prejudicing or interfering with any measure designed to implement any development programme, or any development work; or
        
        being otherwise harmful to the public interest, the High Court Division shall not make an interim order unless the Attorney-General has been given reasonable notice of the application and he (or an advocate authorised by him in that behalf) has been given an opportunity or being heard, and the High Court Division is satisfied that the interim order would not have the effect referred to in sub-clause (a) or sub-clause (b).
        
        Right to appeal judicial decisions
        103. Jurisdiction of Appellate Division
        
        The Appellate Division shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments, decrees, orders or sentences of the High Court Division.
        
        An appeal to the Appellate Division from a judgment, decree, order or sentence of the High Court Division shall lie as of right where the High Court Division-
        
        Constitutional interpretation
        104. Issue and execution of processes of Appellate Division
        
        The Appellate Division shall have power to issue such directions, orders, decrees or writs as may be necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, including orders for the purpose of securing the attendance or any person or the discovery or production of any document.
        
        105. Review of judgments or orders by Appellate Division
        
        The Appellate Division shall have power, subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament and of any rules made by that division to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.
        Supreme court powers
        106. Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court
        
        If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to the Appellate Division for consideration and the division may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report its opinion thereon to the President.
        
        107. Rule-making power of the Supreme Court
        
        Subject to any law made by Parliament the Supreme Court may, with the approval of the President, make rules for regulating the practice and procedure of each division of the Supreme Court and of any court subordinate to it.
        
        The Supreme Court may delegate any of its functions under clause (1) and article 113 and 116 to a division of that Court or to one or more Judges.
        
        Subject to any rules made under this article the Chief Justice shall determine which Judge are to constitute any Bench of a division of the Supreme Court and which Judges are to sit for any purpose.
        
        The Chief Justice may authorise the next most senior Judge of either Division of the Supreme Court to exercise in that division any of the powers conferred by clause (3) or by rules made under this article.
        
        108. Supreme Court as court of record
        
        The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power subject to law to make an order for the investigation of or punishment for any contempt of itself.
        
        109. Superintendence and control over courts
        
        The High Court shall have superintendence and control over all courts and tribunals subordinate to it.
        Constitutional interpretation
        110. Transfer of cases from subordinate courts to High Court Division
        
        If the High Court Division is satisfied that a case pending in a Court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution, or on a point of general public importance, the determination of which in necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case from that court and may-
        
        either dispose of the case itself; or
        
        determine the question of law and return the case to the court from which it has been so withdrawn (or transfer it to another subordinate court) together with a copy of the judgment of the division on such question, and the court to which the case is so returned or transferred shall, on receipt thereof, proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgement.
        
        Judicial precedence
        111. Binding effect of Supreme Court judgments
        
        The law declared by the Appellate Division shall be binding on the High Court Division and the law declared by either division of the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts subordinate to it.
        
        112. Action in aid of Supreme Court
        
        All authorities, executive and judicial, in the Republic shall act in aid of the Supreme Court.
        
        113. Staff of Supreme Court
        
        Appointments of the staff of the Supreme Court shall be made by the Chief Justice or such other judge or officer of that Court as he may direct, and shall be made in accordance with rules made with the previous approval of the President by the Supreme Court.
        
        Subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament the conditions of service of members of the staff of the Supreme Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by that court.
        
        Chapter II. Subordinate Courts
        Structure of the courts
        114. Establishment of subordinate courts
        
        There shall be in addition to the Supreme Court such courts subordinate thereto as may be established by law.
        Administrative court selection , Ordinary court selection
        115. Appointments to subordinate courts
        
        Appointments of persons to offices in the judicial service or as magistrates exercising judicial functions shall be made by the President in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf.
        
        116. Control and discipline of subordinate courts
        
        The control (including the power of posting, promotion and grant of leave) and discipline of persons employed in the judicial service and magistrates exercising judicial functions shall vest in the President and shall be exercised by him in consultation with the Supreme Court].
        Judicial independence
        116A. Judicial officers to be independent in the exercise of their functions
        
        Subject to the provisions of the Constitution, all persons employed in the judicial service and all magistrates shall be independent in the exercise of their judicial functions.
        
        Chapter III. Administrative Tribunals
        Establishment of administrative courts
        117. Administrative tribunals
        
        Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, Parliament may be law establish one or more administrative tribunals to exercise jurisdiction in respect of matter relating to or arising out of-
        
        the terms and conditions of persons in the service of the Republic, including the matters provided for in Part IX and the award of penalties or punishment;
        
        the acquisition, administration, management and disposal of any property vested in or managed by the Government by or under any law, including the operation and management of, and service in any nationalised enterprise or statutory public authority;
        
        any law to which clause (3) of article 102 applies.
        
        Provided that Parliament may, by law, provide for appeals from, or the review of, decisions of any such tribunal.
        
        PART VIA. THE NATIONAL PARTY
        
        PART VII. ELECTIONS
        Electoral commission
        118. Establishment of Election Commission
        
        There shall an Election Commission for Bangladesh consisting of the Chief Election Commissioner and not more than four Election Commissioners and the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election commissioners (if any) shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf, be made by the President.
        
        When the Election Commission consists of more than one person, the Chief Election Commissioner shall act as the chairman thereof.
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution the term of office of an Election Commissioner shall be five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, and-
        
        a person who has held office as Chief Election Commissioner shall not be eligible for appointment in the service of the Republic;
        
        any other election Commissioner shall, on ceasing to hold office as such, be eligible for appointment as Chief Election Commissioner but shall not be otherwise eligible for appointment in the service of the Republic.
        
        Provided that an Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        Electoral commission
        119. Functions of Election Commission
        
        The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the election rolls for elections to the office of President and to Parliament and the conduct of such elections shall vest in the Election Commission which shall, in accordance with this Constitution and any other law-
        
        hold elections to the office of President;
        
        hold elections of members of Parliament;
        Electoral districts
        120. Staff of Election Commission
        
        The President shall, when so requested by the Election Commission, make available to it such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions under this Part.
        
        121. Single electoral roll for each constituency
        
        There shall be one electoral roll for each constituency for the purposes of elections to Parliament, and no special electoral roll shall be prepared so as to classify electors according to religion, race, caste or sex.
        
        122. Qualifications for registration as voter
        
        The elections to Parliament shall be on the basis of adult franchise.
        Restrictions on voting
        
        is a citizen of Bangladesh;
        
        is not less than eighteen years of age;
        
        does not stand declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind;
        
        or is deemed by law to be a resident of that constituency; and
        
        has not been convicted of any offence under the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972.
        
        Scheduling of elections
        123. Time for holding elections
        
        In the case of a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of the expiration of his term of office an election to fill the vacancy shall be held within the period of ninety to sixty days prior to the date of expiration of the term:
        
        Provided that if the term expires before the dissolution of the Parliament by members of which he was elected the election to fill the vacancy shall not be held until after the next general election of members of Parliament, but shall be held within thirty days after the first sitting of Parliament following such general election.
        Head of state replacement
        
        in the case of a dissolution by reason of the expiration of its term, within the period of ninety days preceding such dissolution;
        
        in the case of a dissolution otherwise than by reason of such expiration, within ninety days after such dissolution:
        
        Provided that the persons elected at a general election under sub-clause (a) shall not assume office as members of Parliament except after the expiration of the term referred to therein.
        
        Provided that in a case where, in the opinion of the Chief Election Commissioner, it is not possible, for reasons of an act of God, to hold such election within the period specified in this clause, such election shall be held within ninety days following next after the last day of such period.
        
        124. Parliament may make provision as to elections
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to or in connection with election to Parliament, including the delimitation of constituencies, the preparation of electoral rolls, the holding of elections, and all other matters necessary for securing the due Constitution of Parliament.
        
        125. Validity of election law and elections
        
        Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution-
        
        the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies, or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 124, shall not be called in question in any court;
        
        no election to the office of President or to Parliament shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by Parliament.
        
        A court shall not pass any order or direction, ad interim or otherwise, in relation to an election for which schedule has been announced, unless the Election Commission has been given reasonable notice and an opportunity of being heard.
        
        126. Executive authorities to assist Election Commission
        
        It shall be the duty of all executive authorities to assist the Election Commission in the discharge of its functions.
        
        PART VIII. THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL
        
        127. Establishment of office of Auditor-General
        
        There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of Bangladesh (hereinafter referred to as the Auditor-General) who shall be appointed by the President.
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service of the Auditor-General shall be such as the President may, by order, determine.
        
        128. Functions of Auditor-General
        
        The public accounts of the Republic and of all courts of law and all authorities and officers of the Government shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General and for that purpose he or any person authorised by him in that behalf shall have access to all records, books, vouchers, documents, cash, stamps, securities, stores or other government property in the possession of any person in the service of the Republic.
        
        Without prejudice to the provisions of clause (1), if it is prescribed by law in the case of any body corporate directly established by law, the accounts of that body corporate shall be audited and reported on by such person as may be so prescribed.
        
        Parliament may by law require the Auditor-General to exercise such functions, in addition to those specified in clause (1), as such law may prescribe, and until provision is made by law under this clause the President may, by order, make such provision.
        
        The Auditor-General, in the exercise of his functions under clause (1), shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.
        
        129. Term of office of Auditor-General
        
        The Auditor-General shall, subject to the provisions of this article, hold office for five years from the date on which he entered upon his office, or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.
        
        The Auditor-General shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        
        The Auditor-General may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President.
        
        On ceasing to hold office the Auditor-General shall not be eligible for further office in the service of the Republic.
        
        130. Acting Auditor-General
        
        At any time when the office of Auditor-General is vacant, or the President is satisfied that the Auditor-General is unable to perform his functions on account of absence, illness or any other cause, the President may appoint a person to act as Auditor-General and to perform the functions of that office until an appointment is made under article 127 or, as the case may be, until the Auditor-General resumes the functions of his office.
        
        131. Form and manner of keeping public accounts
        
        The public accounts of the Republic shall be kept in such form and in such manner as the Auditor-General may, with the approval of the President, prescribe.
        
        132. Reports of Auditor-General to be laid before Parliament
        
        The reports of the Auditor-General relating to the Reports of public accounts of the Republic shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to be laid before Parliament.
        
        PART IX. THE SERVICES OF BANGLADESH
        
        Chapter I. Services
        
        133. Appointment and conditions of service
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution Parliament may by law regulate the appointment and conditions of service of persons in the service of the Republic:
        
        Provided that it shall be competent for the President to make rules regulating the appointment and the conditions of service such persons until provision in that behalf is made by or under any law, and rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any such law.
        
        134. Tenure of office
        
        Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution every person in the service of the Republic shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.
        
        135. Dismissal, etc., of civilian public officers
        
        No person who holds any civil post in the service of the Republic shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank by an authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed.
        
        No such person shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank until he has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause why that action should not be taken:
        
        where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction of a criminal offence; or
        
        where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank is satisfied that, for a reason recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to give that person an opportunity of showing cause; or
        
        where the President is satisfied that in the interests of the security of the State it is not expedient to give that person such an opportunity.
        
        136. Reorganisation of service
        
        Provision may be made by law for the reorganisation of the service of the Republic by the creation, amalgamation or unification of services and such law may vary or revoke any condition of service of a person employed in the service of the Republic.
        
        Chapter II. Public Service Commissions
        
        137. Establishment of Commissions
        
        Provision shall be made by law for establishing one or more public service commissions for Bangladesh, each of which shall consist of a chairman and such other members as shall be prescribed by law.
        
        138. Appointment of members
        
        The chairman and other members of each public service commission shall be appointed by the President:
        
        Provided that not less than one-half of the members of a commission shall be persons who have held office for twenty years or more in the service of any government which has at any time functioned within the territory of Bangladesh.
        
        139. Term of office
        
        The term of office of the chairman and other members of a public service commission shall, subject to the provisions of this article, expire five years after the date on which he entered upon his office, or when he attains the age of sixty five years, whichever is earlier.
        
        The chairman and other members of such a commission shall be removed from office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
        
        A chairman or other member of a public service commission may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President.
        
        On ceasing to hold office a member of a public service commission shall not be eligible for further employment in the service of the Republic, but, subject to the provisions of clause (1)-
        
        a chairman so ceasing shall be eligible for re-appointment for one further term; and
        
        a member (other than the chairman) so ceasing shall be eligible for re-appointment for one further term or for appointment as chairman of a public service commission.
        
        140. Functions of Commissions
        
        The functions of a public service commission shall be-
        
        to conduct tests and examinations for the selection of suitable persons for appointment to the service of the Republic;
        
        to advise the President on any matter on which the commission is consulted under clause (2) or on any matter connected with its functions which is referred to the commission by the President; and
        
        such other functions as may be prescribed by law.
        
        matters relating to qualifications for, and methods of recruitment to, the service of the Republic;
        
        the principles to be followed in making appointments to that service and promotions and transfers from one branch of the service to another, and the suitability of candidates for such appointment, promotions and transfers;
        
        matters affecting the terms and conditions (including person rights) of that service; and
        
        the discipline of the service.
        
        141. Annual report
        
        Each commission shall, not later than the first day of March each year, prepare and submit to the President a report of the performance of its functions during the period ended on the previous 31st day of December.
        
        The report shall be accompanied by a memorandum setting out, so far as is known to the commission-
        
        the cases, if any, in which its advise was not accepted and the reasons why it was not accepted;
        
        the cases where the commission ought to have been consulted and was not consulted, and the reasons why it was not consulted.
        
        Emergency provisions
        PART IXA. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
        
        141A. Proclamation of Emergency
        
        If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in which the security or economic life of Bangladesh, or any part thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression or internal disturbance, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency for one hundred twenty days:
        
        Provided that such Proclamation shall require for its validity the prior counter signature of the Prime Minister.
        
        may be revoked by a subsequent Proclamation;
        
        shall be laid before Parliament;
        
        shall cease to operate at the expiration of one hundred and twenty days, unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by a resolution of Parliament:
        
        Provided that if any such Proclamation is issued at a time when Parliament stands dissolved or the dissolution of Parliament takes place during the period of one hundred and twenty days referred to in sub-clause (c), the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which Parliament first meets after its reconstitution, unless before that expiration of the meets after its re-constitution, unless before that expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed by Parliament or at the expiration of one hundred and twenty days, whichever occurs first.
        
        141B. Suspension of provisions of certain articles during emergencies
        
        While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, nothing in articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 42 shall restrict the power of the State to make any law or to take any executive action which the State would, but for the provisions contained in Part III of this Constitution, be competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the incompetence, cease to have effect as soon as the Proclamation ceases to operate, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to have effect.
        
        141C. Suspension of enforcement of fundamental right during emergencies
        
        While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, by order, declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part III of this Constitution as may be specified in the order, and all proceedings pending in any court for the enforcement of the right so specified, shall remain suspended for the period during which the Proclamation is in force or for such shorter period as may be specified in the order.
        
        An order made under this article may extend to the whole of Bangladesh or any part thereof.
        
        Every order made under this article shall, as soon as may be, be laid before Parliament.
        
        PART X. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
        Constitution amendment procedure
        142. Power to amend any provision of the Constitution
        
        Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution-
        
        any provision thereof may by amended by way of addition, alteration, substitution or repeal by Act of Parliament:
        
        no Bill for such amendment shall be allowed to proceed unless the long title thereof expressly states that it will amend a provision of the Constitution;
        
        no such Bill shall be presented to the President for assent unless it is passed by the votes of not less than two thirds of the total number of members of Parliament;
        
        PART XI. MISCELLANEOUS
        
        143. Property of the Republic
        Ownership of natural resources
        
        all minerals and other things of value underlying any land of Bangladesh;
        
        all lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters, or the ocean over the continental shelf, of Bangladesh; and
        
        any property located in Bangladesh that has no rightful owner.
        
        144. Executive authority in relation to property, trade, etc.
        
        The executive authority of the Republic shall extend to the acquisition, sale, transfer, mortgage and disposal of property, the carrying on of any trade or business and the making of any contract.
        
        145. Contracts and deeds
        
        All contracts and deeds made in exercise of the executive authority of the Republic shall be expressed to be made by the President, and shall be executed on behalf of the President by such person and in such manner as he may direct or authorise.
        
        Where a contract or deed is made or executed in exercise of the executive authority of the Republic, neither the President nor any other person making or executing the contract or deed in exercise of the authority shall be personally liable in respect thereof, but this article shall not prejudice the right of any person to take proceedings against the Government.
        
        Treaty ratification
        145A. International treaties
        
        All treaties with foreign countries shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to be laid before Parliament:
        
        Provided that any such treaty connected with national security shall be laid in a secret session of Parliament.
        
        146. Suits in name of Bangladesh
        
        The Government of Bangladesh may sue or be sued by the name of Bangladesh.
        Protection of judges' salaries
        147. Remuneration, etc., of certain officers
        
        The remuneration, privileges and other terms and conditions of service of a person holding or acting in any office to which this article applies shall be determined by or under Act of Parliament, but until they are so determined-
        
        they shall be those (if any) appertaining to the person holding or, as the case may be acting in the office in question immediately before the commencement of this Constitution; or
        
        if the preceding sub-clause is not applicable, they shall be determined by order made by the President.
        
        Provided that such person shall not for the purposes of this clause be deemed to hold any such office, post or position by reason only that he holds or is acting in the office first above mentioned.
        
        President;
        
        Prime Minister;
        
        Speaker or Deputy Speaker;
        
        Minister, Minister of State or Deputy Minister;
        
        Judge of the Supreme Court;
        
        Comptroller and Auditor-General;
        
        Election Commissioner;
        
        Member of a public service commission.
        
        148. Oaths of office
        
        A person elected or appointed to any office mentioned in the Third Schedule shall before entering upon the office make and subscribe an oath or affirmation (in this article referred to as "an oath") in accordance with that Schedule.
        
        Where under this Constitution an oath is required to be administrated by a specified person it may be administered by such other person and at such place as may be designated by that person.
        
        If, within three days next after publication through Official Gazette of the result of a general election of members of Parliament under clause (3) of article 123, the person specified under the Constitution for the purpose or such other person designated by that person for the purpose, is unable to, or does not, administer oath to the newly elected members of Parliament, on any account, the Chief Election Commissioner shall administer such oath within three days next thereafter, as if, he is the person specified under the Constitution for the purpose.
        
        Where under this Constitution a person is required to make an oath before he enters upon an office he shall be deemed to have entered upon the office immediately after he makes the oath.
        
        149. Saving for existing laws
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution all existing laws shall continue to have effect but may be amended or repealed by law made under this Constitution.
        Transitional provisions
        150. Transitional and temporary provisions
        
        The provisions set out in the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution at the time of the Commencement of this Constitution on the 16th day of December, 1972 shall have effect as transitional and temporary provisions notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this Constitution.
        Political theorists/figures
        151. Repeals
        
        The following President's Orders are hereby repealed-
        
        The laws Continuance Enforcement Order made on 10th April, 1971;
        
        The Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972;
        
        The High Court of Bangladesh Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 5 of 1972);
        
        The Bangladesh Comptroller and Auditor-General Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 15 of 1972);
        
        The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 22 of 1972);
        
        The Bangladesh Election Commission Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 25 of 1972);
        
        The Bangladesh Public Service Commissions Order, 1972 (P.O. No 34 of 1972);
        
        The Bangladesh Transaction of Government Business Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 58 of 1972).
        
        152. Interpretation
        
        In this Constitution, except where the subject or context otherwise requires-
        "Administrative unit" means a district or other area designated by law for the purposes of article 59;
        
        "the Appellate Division" means the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court; "article" means an article of this Constitution; "borrowing" includes the raising of money by annuity, and "loan" shall be construed accordingly; "the capital" has the meaning assigned to that expression in article 5; "Chief Election Commissioner" means a person appointed to that office under article 118; "The Chief Justice" means the Chief Justice of Bangladesh;
        "citizen" means a person who is a citizen of Bangladesh according to the law relating to citizenship;
        "clause" means a clause of the article in which the expression occurs; "court" means any court of law including Supreme Court;
        "debt" includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any guarantee, and "debt charge" shall be construed accordingly;
        "disciplinary law" means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force;
        
        the army, navy or air force;
        
        the police force;
        
        any other force declared by law to be a disciplined force within the meaning of this definition;
        
        "district judge" includes additional district judge;
        
        "existing law" means any law in force in, or in any part of, the territory of Bangladesh immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, whether or not it has been brought into operation;
        
        "financial year" means a year commencing on the first day of July;
        
        "guarantee" includes any obligation undertaken before the commencement of this Constitution to make payments in the event of the profits of an undertaking falling short of a specified amount;
        
        "the High Court Division" means the High Court Division of the Supreme Court;
        
        "judge" means a judge of a division of the Supreme Court;
        
        "judicial service" means a service comprising person holding judicial posts not being posts superior to that of a district judge;
        
        "law" means any Act, ordinance, order rule, regulation, bye-law, notification or other legal instrument, and any custom or usage, having the force of law in Bangladesh;
        
        "Parliament" means the Parliament for Bangladesh established by article 65;
        
        "Part" means a Part of this Constitution;
        
        "pension" means a pension, whether contributory or not, of any kind whatsoever payable to or in respect of any person, and includes retired pay or gratuity so payable by way of the return or any addition thereto of subscriptions to a provident fund;
        
        "political party" includes a group or combination of persons who operate within or outside Parliament under a distinctive name and who hold themselves out for the purpose of propagating a political opinion or engaging in any other political activity;
        
        "the President" means the President of Bangladesh elected under this Constitution or any person for the time being acting in that office;
        
        "property" includes property of every description movable or immovable, corporeal or incorporeal, and commercial and industrial undertakings, and any right or interest in any such property or undertaking;
        
        "public notification" means a notification in the Bangladesh Gazette;
        
        "public officer" means person holding or acting in any office of emolument in the service of the Republic;
        
        "the Republic" means the People's Republic of Bangladesh;
        
        "Schedule" means a schedule to this Constitution;
        
        "securities" includes stock;
        
        "the service of the Republic" means any service, post or office whether in a civil or military capacity, in respect of the Government of Bangladesh, and any other service declared by law to be a service of the Republic;
        
        "session", in relation to Parliament, means the sittings of Parliament commencing when it first meets after the commencement of this Constitution or after a prorogation or dissolution of Parliament and terminating when Parliament is prorogued or dissolved;
        
        "sitting" in relation to Parliament, means a period during which Parliament is sitting continuously without adjournment;
        
        "the Speaker" means the person for the time being holding the office of Speaker pursuant to article 74;
        
        "the State" includes Parliament, the Government and statutory public authorities;
        
        "statutory public authority" means any authority, corporation or body the activities or the principal activities of which are authorised by any Act, ordinance, order or instrument having the force of law in Bangladesh;
        
        "sub clause" means a sub-clause of the clause in which the expression occurs;
        
        "the Supreme Court" means the Supreme Court of Bangladesh constituted by article 94;
        
        "taxation" includes the imposition of any tax, rate, duty or impost, whether general, local or special, and "tax" shall be construed accordingly.
        
        this Constitution as it applies in relation to an Act of Parliament;
        
        any enactment repealed by this Constitution, or which by virtue thereof becomes void or ceases to have effect, as it applies in relation to any enactment repealed by Act of Parliament.
        
        153. Commencement, citation and authenticity
        
        This Constitution may be cited as the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh and shall come into force on the sixteenth day of December, 1972, in this Constitution referred to as the commencement of this Constitution.
        
        There shall be an authentic text of this Constitution in Bengali, and an authentic text of an authorised translation in English, both of which shall be certified as such by the Speaker of the Constituent Assembly.
        
        A text certified in accordance with clause (2) shall be conclusive evidence of the provisions of this Constitution:
        
        Provided that in the event of conflict between the Bengali and the English text, the Bengali text shall prevail.
        
        SCHEDULE 1. LAWS EFFECTIVE NOTWITHSTANDING OTHER PROVISIONS
        
        The State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 (E.B. Act XXVIII of 1951)
        
        The Bangladesh (Taking over of Control and Management of Industrial and Commercial Concerns) Order, 1972 (A.P.O. No. 1 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 8 of 1972)
        
        The Government of Bangladesh (Services) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 9 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Shipping Corporation Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 10 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh (Restoration of Evacuee Property) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 13 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Public Servants' (Retirement) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 14 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Abandoned Property (Control, Management and Disposal) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 16 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Banks (Nationalisation) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 26 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Industrial Enterprises (Nationalisation) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 27 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 28 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh (Vesting of Property and Assets) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 29 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Insurance (Emergency Provisions) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 30 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Consumer Supplies Corporation Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 47 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Scheduled Offences (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 50 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Nationalised and Private Organisations (Regulation of Salary of Employees) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 54 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Jute Export Corporation Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 57 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Water and Power Development Boards Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 59 of 1972)
        
        The Government of Bangladesh (Services Screening) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 67 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Government Hats and Bazars (Management) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 73 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Government and Semi-autonomous Organisations (Regulation of Salary of Employees) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 79 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Insurance (Nationalisation) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 95 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Land Holding (Limitation) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 98 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Biman Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 126 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 127 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Sangstha Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 128 of 1972)
        
        The Bangladesh Shilpa Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 129 of 1972)
        
        All Presidential Orders and other existing law effecting amendments of the above-mentioned Act and Orders.
        
        SCHEDULE 2. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT
        Oaths to abide by constitution
        SCHEDULE 3. OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS
        
        1. The President
        
        An oath (or affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the Speaker-
        
        "I. do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of President of Bangladesh according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution: And that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."
        
        1A. Vice-President
        
        1B. The President in the case of performing the functions of the Chief Adviser.
        
        2. Prime Minister and other Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.
        
        Oaths (or affirmations) in the following forms shall be administered by the President-
        
        Oath (or affirmation) of office;
        
        "I . do solemnly swear (or Affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of Prime Minister (or as the case may be) according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh; That I will Preserve, protect and defend the Constitution: And That I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear of favour, affection or ill-will."
        
        "I, . do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister (or as the case may be) except as may be required for the due discharge of my duty as Prime Minister (or as the case may be)."
        
        2A. Chief Adviser and Advisers.
        
        3. The Speaker.
        
        An Oath (or affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the president
        
        "I , . do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the Speaker of Parliament and (whenever I am called upon so to do) of the President, according to law; That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh; That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution; And that I will do right to all manner of People according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."
        
        4. Deputy Speaker.
        
        An oath (or affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the President
        
        "I, . do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties or Deputy Speaker or Parliament and (whenever I am called upon so to do) of the Speaker, according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution: And that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.
        
        5. Member of Parliament.
        
        An oath (or affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the Speaker-
        
        "I, . having been elected a member of Parliament do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: And that I will not allow my personal interest to influence the discharge of my duties as a member of Parliament."
        
        6. Chief Justice or Judges.
        
        An oath (or affirmation) in the following forms shall be administered, in the case of the Chief Justice by the President, and in the case of a Judge appointed to a division, by the Chief Justice-
        
        "I, . having been appointed Chief Justice of Bangladesh (or Judge of the Appellate/High Court Division of the Supreme Court) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the laws of Bangladesh: And that I will do right to all manner of people according to law, without fear of favour, affection or ill-will."
        
        7. Chief Election Commissioner or Election Commissioner.
        
        An oath (or Affirmation) in the following from shall be administered by the Chief Justice-
        
        "I, . having been appointed Chief Election Commissioner (or Election Commissioner), do solemnly swear (or Affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution: And that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions."
        
        8. Comptroller and Auditor-General.
        
        An oath (or Affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the Chief Justice-
        
        "I, . having been appointed Comptroller and Auditor-General do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution: And that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions."
        
        9. Member of Public Service Commission.
        
        An oath (or Affirmation) in the following form shall be administered by the Chief Justice-
        
        "I, . having been appointed Chairman (or Member) of a Public Service Commission do solemnly swear (or Affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office according to law: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Bangladesh: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Commission: And That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions."
        Transitional provisions
        SCHEDULE 4. TRANSITIONAL AND TEMPORARY PROVISIONS
        
        1. Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
        
        Upon the commencement of this Constitution, the Constitution Assembly, having discharged its responsibility of framing a Constitution for the Republic, shall stand dissolved.
        
        2. First elections
        
        The First general election of members of Parliament shall be held as soon as possible after the commencement of this Constitution and for this purpose the election rolls prepared under the Bangladesh Electoral Rolls, Order 1972 (P.O. No. 104 of 1972) shall be deemed to be the electoral rolls prepared in accordance with article 119.
        
        For the purpose of the first general election of members of Parliament, the delimitation of constituencies made for the purpose of elections to constitute the erstwhile Provincial Assembly, and published in 1970, shall be deemed to be made under article 119, and the Election Commission shall, after incorporating such changes, as it may consider necessary, in the nomenclature of any constituency or any subdivision of than a included therein, publish, by public notification, the list of such constituencies:
        
        Provided that provision may be made by law to give effect to the provision relating to seats women members referred to in clause (3) of articles 65.
        
        3. Provisions for maintaining continuity and interim arrangements
        
        All laws made or purported to having been made in the period between the 26th day of March, 1971 and the commencement of this Constitution, all powers exercised and all things done during that period, under authority derived or purported to have been derived from the Proclamation of Independence or any law, are hereby ratified and confirmed and are declared to have been duly made, exercised and done according to law.
        
        Until the day upon which Parliament first meets pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive and legislative powers of the Republic (including the power of the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister, to legislate by order) shall notwithstanding the repeal of the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972, be exercised in all respects in the manner in which, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution, they have been exercised.
        
        Any provision of this Constitution enabling or requiring Parliament to legislate shall, until the day upon which Parliament first meets as aforesaid, be construed as enabling the President of legislate by order, and any order made under this paragraph shall have effect as if the provisions thereof had been enacted by Parliament.
        
        3A. Validation of certain Proclamations, etc.
        
        4. President
        
        The person holding office as President of Bangladesh immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall hold office as President, as if elected to that office under this Constitution, until a person elected as President under article 48 enters upon office:
        
        Provided that the holding of office under this paragraph shall not be taken into account for the purposes of clause (2) of article 50.
        
        5. Prime Minister and other Ministers
        
        The person holding office as Prime Minister, immediately before the date of the commencement of this Constitution shall until his successor appointed under article 56 after the first general election held under this Constitution enters upon office, hold office as Prime Minister as if appointed to that office under this Constitution, and the persons holding office as Ministers immediately before that date shall continue to hold office as Ministers until the Prime Minister otherwise directs, and nothing in article 56 shall prevent the appointment of other Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
        
        6. Judiciary
        
        The person holding office as Chief Justice immediately before the date of the Commencement of this Constitution and every person who then held office as judge of the High Court constituted by the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972, shall as from that date hold office as if appointed under article 95 as Chief Justice or, as the case may be, as judge.
        
        The persons (other than the Chief Justice) holding office as judges pursuant to Sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall at the commencement of this Constitution be deemed to have been appointed to the High Court Division, and appointments to the Appellate Division shall be made in accordance with article 94.
        
        All legal proceedings pending in the High Court immediately before the commencement of this Constitution (other than those referred to in Sub-paragraph (4) of this paragraph) shall be transferred to and be deemed to be pending before the High Court Division for determination, and any judgment or order of the High Court delivered or made before the commencement of this Constitution shall have the same force and effect as if it had been delivered or made by the High Court Division.
        
        All legal proceedings pending before the Appellate Division of the High Court immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall be transferred to the Appellate Division for determination and any judgment or order of the former division delivered or made before the commencement of this Constitution shall have the same force and effect as if it had been delivered or made by the Appellate Division.
        
        Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any other law-
        
        all original, appellate and other jurisdiction which was vested in the High Court constituted by the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972 (other than jurisdiction vested in the Appellate Division of that Court) shall from the commencement of this constitution, vest in an be exercised by the High Court Division;
        
        all civil, criminal and revenue courts and tribunals exercising jurisdiction and functions immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue to exercise their respective jurisdictions and functions, and all persons holding office in such courts and tribunals shall continue to hold their respective offices.
        
        6A. Provisions as to existing Judges and pending proceedings.
        
        6B. Provisions as to Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court existing before the Second Proclamation Order No. 1 of 1977 proceedings pending before commencement of that Order, etc.
        
        7. Interim rights of appeal.
        
        An Appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court shall lie, notwithstanding any limitation as to time, against any judgment, decree, order or sentence delivered, issued or pronounced since the 1st day of March, 1971 by any High Court of Bangladesh (Amendment) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 91 of 1972) functioning in the territory of Bangladesh:
        
        Provided that article 103 shall apply in respect of any such appeal as it applies in respect of appeals from the High Court Division;
        
        Provided further that no appeal under this article shall be lodged after the expiration of the period of ninety days from the commencement of this Constitution.
        
        8. Election Commission
        
        The Election Commission existing immediately before the date of commencement of this Constitution, shall, as from that date be deemed to be the Election Commission established by this Constitution.
        
        The person holding office as Chief Election Commissioner, and every person holding office as Election Commissioner, immediately before the date of the commencement of this Constitution, shall, as from that date, hold office as if appointed to such office under this Constitution.
        
        9. Public Service Commission
        
        The public service commissions existing immediately before the date of the commencement of this Constitution, shall as from that date, be deemed to be public service commissions established under this Constitution.
        
        Every person holding office as chairman or other member of a public service commission immediately before the date of the commencement of this Constitution, shall, as from that date hold office as if appointed to that office under Constitution.
        
        10. Public service
        
        Subject to this Constitution and to any other law-
        
        any person who immediately before the commencement of this Constitution was in the service of the Republic shall continue in that service on the same terms and conditions as were applicable to him immediately before such commencement;
        
        all authorities and all officers, judicial, executive and ministerial throughout Bangladesh exercising functions immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, shall, as from such commencement, continue to exercise their respective functions.
        
        derogate from the continued operation of the Government of Bangladesh (Services) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 9 of 1972), or the Government of Bangladesh (Services Screening) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 67 of 1972);
        
        prevent the making of any law varying or revoking the conditions of service (including remuneration, leave, person rights and rights relating to disciplinary matters) of persons employed at any time before the commencement of this Constitution or of person continuing in the service of the Republic under the provisions of the paragraph.
        
        11. Oaths for continuance in office
        
        Any person who, under this Schedule, is continued in an office in respect of which a form of oath or affirmation is set out in the Third Schedule shall, as soon as practicable after the commencement of this Constitution, make and subscribe before the appropriate person an oath or affirmation in that form.
        
        12. Local Government
        
        Until elections are held to constitute the local government bodies referred to in article 59, the administrative arrangements existing in the different administrative units of the Republic immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue, subject to such changes as may be made by law.
        
        13. Taxation
        
        All taxes and fees imposed under any law in force in Bangladesh immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue to be imposed but may be varied or abolished by law.
        
        14. Interim financial arrangements
        
        Unless Parliament otherwise resolves, the Provisions of articles 87, 89, 90 and 91 of this Constitution shall not have effect in respect of the financial year current at the commencement of this Constitution, and expenditure defrayed during that year out of the Consolidated Fund or the Public Account of the Republic shall be deemed to have been validly incurred:
        
        Provided that the President shall, as soon as is practicable, cause a statement of all such expenditure, authenticated by his signature, to be laid before Parliament.
        
        15. Audit of past accounts
        
        The powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General under this Constitution shall apply in respect of all accounts relating to the financial year current at the commencement of this condition and to earlier years and the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to such accounts shall be submitted to the President who shall cause them to be laid before Parliament.
        
        16. Property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government.
        
        All property, assets and rights which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution were vested in the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh or any person or authority on its behalf shall vest in the Republic.
        
        All liabilities and obligations of the Government of the Republic as they existed immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue to be the liabilities and obligations of the Republic.
        
        No liability or obligation of any other government which at any time functioned in the territory of Bangladesh is or shall be a liability or obligation of the Republic unless it is expressly accepted by the Government of the Republic.
        
        17. Adaptation of laws and removal of difficulties.
        
        For the purpose of bringing the provisions of any law in force in Bangladesh into conformity with this Constitution the President may, within the period of two years from the commencement of this Constitution, by order, amend or suspend the operation of such provisions and any order so made may have retrospective effect.
        
        The President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties in relation to the transition from the provisional constitutional arrangements existing before the commencement of this Constitution to the arrangements under this Constitution by order, direct that this Constitution shall, during such period as may be specified in the order, have effect subject to such adaptations, whether by way of modification, addition or omission, as he may deem necessary or expedient:
        
        Provided that no such order shall be made after the first meeting of the Parliament constituted under this Constitution.
        
        18. Ratification and confirmation of Proclamations, etc.
        
        19. Ratification and confirmation of the Proclamation of the 24th March, 1982, etc.
        
        20. Provisions relating to Vice-President
        
        21. Ratification and confirmation of the appointment of Vice-President, etc.
        
        22. Parliament functioning immediately before the commencement of the Constitution functioning immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act.
        
        23. Temporary special provision regarding women members in the Parliament.
        Reference to country's history , Political theorists/figures
        SCHEDULE 5. HISTORIC SPEECH OF THE FATHER OF THE NATION, BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN OF THE 7TH MARCH, 1971
        
        I have come before you today with a heart laden with sadness. You are aware of everything and know all. We have tried with our lives. And yet the sadness remains that today, in Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur the streets are soaked in the blood of my brothers. Today the people of Bengal desire emancipation, the people of Bengal wish to live, the people of Bengal demand that their rights be acknowledged.
        
        What wrong have we committed? Following the elections, the people of Bangladesh entrusted me and the Awami League with the totality of their electoral support. It was our expectation that the Parliament would meet, there we would frame our Constitution, that we would develop this land, that the people of this country would achieve their economic, political and cultural freedom. But it is a matter of grief that today we are constrained to say in all sadness that the history of the past twenty three years has been the history of a persecution of the people of Bengal, a history of the blood of the people of Bengal. This history of the past twenty three years has been one of the agonising cries of men and women.
        
        The history of Bengal has been a history where the people of this land have made crimson the streets and highways of this land with their blood. We gave blood in 1952; in 1954, we won the elections and yet were not permitted to exercise power. In 1958, Ayub Khan imposed Martial Law and kept the nation in a state of slavery for ten long years. On 7 June 1966, as they rose in support of the Six-Point movement, the sons of my land were mown down in gunfire. When Yahya Khan took over once Ayub Khan fell in the fury of the movement of 1969, he promised that he would give us a Constitution, give us democracy. We put our faith on him. And then history moved a long way, the elections took place. I have met President Yahya Khan. I appealed to him, not just as the majority leader in Bengal but also as the majority leader in Pakistan, to convene the National Assembly on 15 February. He did not pay heed to my appeal. He paid heed to Mr. Bhutto. And he said that the assembly would be convened in the first week that we would discuss matters in the Assembly. I even went to the extent of suggesting that despite our being in a majority, if anyone proposes anything that is legitimate and right, we would accept his proposal.
        
        Mr. Bhutto came here. He held negotiations with us, and when he left, he said that the door to talk had not closed, that more discussions would take place. After that, I spoke to other political leaders. I told them to join me in deliberations so that we could give shape to a Constitution for the country. But Mr. Bhutto said that if members elected from West Pakistan came here, the Assembly would turn into a slaughter house, an abattoir. He warned that anyone who went to the Assembly would end up losing his life. He issued dire warnings of closing down all the shop from Peshawar to Karachi if the Assembly Session went ahead. I said that the Assembly Session would go ahead. And then, suddenly, on the first of March the Assembly Session was put off. Mr. Yahya Khan, in exercise of his powers as president, had called the National Assembly into Session; and I had said that I would go to the Assembly. Mr. Bhutto said he would not go. Thirty five members came here from West Pakistan. And suddenly the Assembly was put off. The blame was placed squarely on the people of Bengal, the blame was put at my door. Once the Assembly meeting was postponed, the people of this land decided to put up resistance to the act.
        
        I enjoined upon them to observe a peaceful general strike. I instructed them to close down all factories and industrial installations. The people responded positively to my directives. Through sheer spontaneity they emerged on to the streets. They were determined to pursue their struggle through peaceful means.
        
        What have we attained? The weapons we have bought with our money to defend the country against foreign aggression are being used against the poor and down-trodden of my country today. It is their hearts the bullets pierce today. We are the majority in Pakistan. Whenever we Bengalis have attempted to ascend to the heights of power, they have swooped upon us.
        
        I have spoken to him over telephone. I told him, Mr. Yahya Khan, you are the President of Pakistan. Come, be witness to the inhuman manner in which the people of my Bengal are being murdered, to the way in which the mothers of my land are being deprived of their sons." I told him, "come, see and dispense justice". But he construously said that I had agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference to be held on 10 March. I have already said a long time ago, what RTC? With whom do I sit down to talk? Do I fraternise with those have taken the blood of my people? All of a sudden, without discussing matters with me and after a secret meeting lasting five hours, he has delivered a speech in which he has placed all responsibility for the impasse on me, on the people of Bengal.
        
        They have called the Assembly for the twenty-fifth. The marks of blood have not yet dried up. I said on the tenth that Mujibur Rahman would not walk across that blood to take part in a Round Table Conference. You have called the Assembly. But my demands must be met first. Martial Law must be withdrawn. All military personnel must be taken back to the barracks. An inquiry must be conducted into the manner in which the killings have been caused. And power must be transferred to the elected representatives of the people. And only then shall we consider the question of whether or not to sit in the National Assembly. Prior to the fulfilment of our demands, we cannot take part in the Assembly.
        
        I do not desire the office of Prime Minister. I wish to see the rights of the people of this country established. Let me make it clear, without ambiguity, that beginning today, in Bangladesh, all courts, magistracies, government offices and educational institutions will remain closed for an indefinite period. In order that the poor do not suffer, in order that my people do not go through pain, all other activities will continue, will not come within the ambit of the general strike from tomorrow. Rickshaws, horse carriages, trains and river vessels will ply. The Supreme Court, High Court, Judge's Court, semi-government offices, WAPDA,-nothing will work. Employees will collect their salaries on the twenty-eighth. But if the salaries are not paid, if another bullet is fired, if any more of the people are murdered, it is my directive to all of you: turn every house into a fortress, resist the enemy with everything you have. And for the sake of life, even if I am not around to guide you, direct you, close off all roads and pathways.
        
        We will strive them into submission. We will submerge them in water. You are our brothers. Return to your barracks and no harm will come to you. But do not try to pour bullets into my heart again. You cannot keep seventy five million people in bondage. Now that we have learnt to die, no power on earth can keep us in subjugation.
        
        For those who have embraced martyrdom, and for those who have sustained injuries we in the Awami League will do all we can to relieve their tragedy. Those among you who can please lend a helping hand through contributing to our relief committee. The owners of industries will make certain that the wages of workers who have taken part in the strike for the past week are duly paid to them. I shall tell employees of the government, my word must be heard, and my instructions followed. Until freedom comes to my land, all taxes will be held back from payment. No one will pay them. Bear in mind that the enemy has infiltrated our ranks to cause confusion and sow discord among us. In our Bengal, everyone, be the Hindu or Muslim, Bengali or non-Bengali, is our brother. It is our responsibility to ensure their security. Our good name must not be sullied.
        
        And remember, employees at radio and television, if radio does not get our message across, no Bengali will go to the radio station. If television does not put forth our point of view, no Bengali will go to television. Banks will remain open for two hours to enable people to engage in transactions. But there will be no transfer of even a single penny from East Bengal to West Pakistan. Telephone and telegram services will continue in East Bengal and news can be despatched overseas.
        
        But if moves are made to exterminate the people of this country, Bengalis must act with caution. In every village, every neighbourhood, set up Sangram Parishad under the leadership of the Awami League. And be prepared with whatever you have. Remember: Having mastered the lesson of sacrifice, we shall give more blood. God willing, we shall free the people of this land. The struggle this time is a struggle for emancipation. The struggle this time is a struggle for independence.
        Reference to country's history , Political theorists/figures
        SCHEDULE 6. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
        
        BY THE FATHER OF THE NATION, BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHA-MAN SHORTLY AFTER MIDNIGHT OF 25TH MARCH, i.e. EARLY HOURS OF 26TH MARCH, 1971
        
        "This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved.
        
        Sheik Mujibur Rahman
        Reference to country's history , Political theorists/figures
        SCHEDULE 7. THE PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE
        
        Dated 10th day of April, 1971.
        
        WHEREAS free elections were held in Bangladesh from 7th December, 1970 to 17th January, 1971, to elect representatives for the purpose of framing a Constitution,
        
        AND WHEREAS at these elections the people of Bangladesh elected 167 out of 169 representatives belonging to the Awami League,
        
        AND WHEREAS General Yahya Khan summoned the elected representatives of the people to meet on the 3rd March, 1971, for the purpose of framing a Constitution,
        
        AND WHEREAS the Assembly so summoned was arbitrarily and illegally postponed for an indefinite period,
        
        AND WHEREAS instead of fulfilling their promise and while still conferring with the representatives of the people of Bangladesh, Pakistan authorities declared an unjust and treacherous war,
        
        AND WHEREAS in the facts and circumstances of such treacherous conduct Banga Bandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman, the undisputed leader of 75 million of people of Bangladesh, in due fulfilment of the legitimate right of self-determination of the people of Bangladesh, duly made a declaration of independence at Dacca on March 26, 1971, and urged the people of Bangladesh to defend the honour and integrity of Bangladesh,
        
        AND WHEREAS in the conduct of a ruthless and savage war the Pakistani authorities committed and are still continuously committing numerous acts of genocide and unprecedented tortures, amongst others on the civilian and unarmed people of Bangladesh,
        
        AND WHEREAS the Pakistan Government by levying an unjust war and committing genocide and by other repressive measures made it impossible for the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh to meet and frame a Constitution, and give to themselves a Government,
        
        AND WHEREAS the people of Bangladesh by their heroism, bravery and revolutionary fervour have established effective control over the territories of Bangladesh,
        
        We the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh, as honour bound by the mandate given to us by the people of Bangladesh whose will is supreme duly constituted ourselves into a Constituent Assembly, and
        
        having held mutual consultations, and
        in order to ensure for the people of Bangladesh equality, human dignity and social justice,
        declare and constitute Bangladesh to be a sovereign People's Republic and thereby confirm the declaration of independence already made by Banga Bandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman, and
        
        do hereby affirm and resolve that till such time as a Constitution is framed, Banga Bandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman shall be the President of the Republic and that Syed Nazrul Islam shall be the Vice-President of the Republic, and
        that the President shall be the Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the Republic,
        shall exercise all the Executive and Legislative powers of the Republic including the power to grant pardon,
        shall have the power to appoint a Prime Minister and such other Ministers as he considers necessary, shall have the power to levy taxes and expend monies, shall have the power to summon and adjourn the Constituent Assembly, and
        do all other things that may be necessary to give to the people of Bangladesh and orderly and just Government.
        
        We the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh do further resolve that in the event of there being no President or the President being unable to enter upon his office or being unable to exercise his powers due to any reason whatsoever, the Vice-President shall have and exercise all the powers, duties and responsibilities herein conferred on the President,
        
        We further resolve that we undertake to observe and give effect to all duties and obligations that devolve upon us as a member of the family of nations and to abide by the Charter of the United Nations.
        
        We further resolve that this Proclamation of Independence shall be deemed to have come into effect from 26th day of March, 1971.
        
        We further resolve that in order to give effect to this instrument we appoint Prof. Yusuf Ali our duly Constituted potentiary and to give to the President and the Vice-President oaths of office.
        
        Duly Constituted Potentiary
        
        By and under the authority of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh 1972 (reinst. 1986, rev. 2014) Subsequently amended

PART I. THE REPUBLIC

1. The Republic

2. The territory of the Republic

2A. The state religion

3. The state language

4. National anthem, flag and emblem

4A. Portrait of the Father of the Nation

5. The capital

6. Citizenship

7. Supremacy of the Constitution

7A. Offence of abrogation, suspension, etc. of the Constitution

7B. Basic provisions of the Constitution are not amendable

PART II. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

8. Fundamental principles

9. Nationalism

10. Socialism and freedom from exploitation

11. Democracy and human rights

12. Secularism and freedom of religion

13. Principles of ownership

14. Emancipation of peasants and workers

15. Provision of basic necessities

16. Rural development and agricultural revolution

17. Free and compulsory education

18. Public health and morality

18A. Protection and improvement of environment and biodiversity

19. Equality of opportunity

20. Work as a right and duty

21. Duties of citizens and of public servants

22. Separation of Judiciary from the Executive

23. National Culture

23A. The culture of tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities

24. National monuments, etc.

25. Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity

PART III. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

26. Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights to be void

27. Equality before law

28. Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc.

29. Equality of opportunity in public employment

30. Prohibition of foreign titles, etc.

31. Right to protection of law

32. Protection of right to life and personal liberty

33. Safeguards as to arrest and detention

34. Prohibition of forced labour

35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment

36. Freedom of movement

37. Freedom of assembly

38. Freedom of association

39. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech

40. Freedom of profession or occupation

41. Freedom of religion

42. Rights to property

43. Protection of home and correspondence

44. Enforcement of fundamental rights

45. Modification of rights in respect of disciplinary law

46. Power to provide indemnity

47. Saving for certain laws

47A. Inapplicability of certain articles

PART IV. THE EXECUTIVE

Chapter I. The President

48. The President

49. Prerogative of mercy

50. Term of office of President

51. President's immunity

52. Impeachment of the President

53. Removal of President on ground of incapacity

54. Speaker to act as President during absence, etc.

Chapter II. The Prime Minister And The Cabinet

55. The Cabinet

56. Ministers

57. Tenure of office of Prime Minister

58. Tenure of office of other Ministers

Chapter IIA. Non-Party Care Taker Government

Chapter III. Local Government

59. Local Government

60. Powers of local government bodies

Chapter IV. The Defence Services

61. Supreme Command

62. Recruitment, etc., of defence services

63. War